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The Next Generation Photovoltaic Cell Rookie and the Dawn of Industrialization

2023/08/24

Perovskite is a general term for a class of crystals with_ABX3 molecular structure, which can be used to prepare perovskite solar cells. In the chemical formula of perovskite structure, position A is generally cations with small atomic radii (such as Cs+, MA+, FA+, etc.), B position is transition metal ions with large atomic radius (such as Sn 2+, Pb²⁺, etc.), and X is halogen anions (I-, Br^-, Cl^-etc.). Perovskite materials have superior charge transport properties, long carrier diffusion distance, full-spectrum absorption and high absorbance, so they can effectively absorb sunlight and efficiently generate photogenerated carriers, while reducing energy loss in the photoelectric conversion process, which is an ideal photoelectric material.

Perovskite battery working principle

Perovskite cells are mainly composed of the following five functional layers: transparent conductive oxide (TCO), electron transport layer (ETL), perovskite layer, hole transport layer (HTL), and back electrode. As a semiconductor material, perovskite produces the photovolt effect, that is, the semiconductor generates an electromotive force under light. Under light conditions, perovskite compounds absorb photons, and after absorbing photons, their valence band electrons will transition to the conduction band, and the conduction band electrons are then injected into the conduction band of_TiO2, and then transmitted to the FTO transparent electrode, while the holes are transported to the organic hole transport layer (HTL), thereby separating the electron-hole pairs, and when the external circuit is turned on, the movement of electrons and holes generates current.

Technical advantages of perovskite cells

Perovskite cells have a higher upper limit of efficiency than crystalline silicon cells. Perovskite cells have the advantages of high light absorption coefficient, little influence by temperature difference, and low photoelectric loss. The typical methylamine lead iodine(CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite band gap is 1.55eV, which is close to the optimal band gap, and the laboratory efficiency of single junction efficiency has exceeded 25%, and the upper limit of efficiency can reach more than 30%, while the upper limit of crystalline silicon cell efficiency is difficult to break through 30%. And the band gap of perovskite material can be adjusted, and the stacking efficiency with crystalline silicon is higher, and the 1.12eV bandgap crystalline silicon cell and 1.73eV perovskite cell can be connected in series, which can ensure the best distribution absorption of solar spectral irradiation, and the theoretical efficiency exceeds 43%.

Perovskite cells cost less than crystalline silicon cells. The current capacity investment of perovskite modules is slightly lower than that of crystalline silicon modules, about 5-7 million yuan/GW, and there is room for further decline after maturity in the future, while the capacity investment of crystalline silicon modules requires 7 million yuan. GW level mass production, perovskite materials accounted for 5%, module cost less than 3.1 yuan/W.

Perovskite cells have a high weak light effect compared with crystalline silicon cells. The absorption coefficient of perovskite materials in the visible light range can reach 10⁵ ^cm-1, which has high light capture ability; And the battery band gap is close to the required band gap of the battery under low light, and it can work in rainy weather and low light environments such as sunrise and sunset.

Perovskite batteries have a wide range of downstream applications. Perovskite cells are competitive in the distributed photovoltaic market and can be widely used in BIPV curtain walls and roofs, in addition to being excellent materials for photovoltaic roofs.

Technical path of perovskite cells

The structure of perovskite cells is mainly divided into single-junction and multi-junction stacked cells. The structure of single-junction cells is divided into mesoporous structures and planar formal or trans structures, and the current industrialization of single-junction batteries is mainly planar trans structures. At present, the mainstream perovskite lamination technology of tandem cells is: perovskite/crystalline silicon stack, perovskite/perovskite stack, perovskite/CIGS stack, because perovskite/crystalline silicon stack has the advantages of mature and stable bottom cell (crystalline silicon cell) technology, the research progress in many stacks is the fastest, and the laboratory efficiency is leading.

Battery route, process selection and capacity layout of each module manufacturer

At present, single-section perovskite manufacturers such as Jidian Solar, Nanophotovoltaics, and Wandu Solar have begun to plan and build mass production lines due to a large amount of capital injection, and tandem structure manufacturers such as Yaoneng Technology, Black Crystal Optoelectronics, and Oxford Photovoltaic have basically entered the pilot line stage. In addition, energy manufacturers in other fields, such as Huaneng Energy, GCL, CATL, etc. have also made product layouts for perovskites.

Trend outlook

The production cost of perovskite modules is expected to be significantly reduced in the future. In the future, with the continuous acceleration of perovskite industrialization, perovskite equipment and component companies are expected to continue to benefit. For perovskite module companies, with the acceleration of industrialization and technological progress, the future production cost of perovskite modules is expected to be greatly reduced, when the product competitiveness of perovskite components will be significantly improved, and the market share will continue to increase.

Tandem perovskites are expected to become the ultimate technical form in the photovoltaic field. With ultra-high photoelectric conversion efficiency, the future cell technology of perovskite and crystalline silicon tandem is expected to become the ultimate technical form in the photovoltaic field.

The industrialization process is accelerating. At present, the rapid progress of R&D efficiency is paving the way for the industrialization of perovskite cells. At the same time, different technology and equipment routes have enterprise layouts, and the industrialization exploration of perovskites is being rolled out on a large scale, and industrialization will accelerate its development.

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